PHP7中的面向对象编程：如何提高代码的可维护性和可扩展性？

class User {
  private $name;
  private $age;
  
  public function getName() {
    return $this->name;
  }
  
  public function getAge() {
    return $this->age;
  }
  
  public function setName($name) {
    $this->name = $name;
  }
  
  public function setAge($age) {
    $this->age = $age;
  }
}

$user = new User();
$user->setName("John Doe");
$user->setAge(25);
echo $user->getName() . " is " . $user->getAge() . " years old.";

class Animal {
  protected $name;
  
  public function __construct($name) {
    $this->name = $name;
  }
  
  public function getName() {
    return $this->name;
  }
  
  public function makeSound() {
    // 默认实现
    echo "The animal makes a sound.";
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  public function makeSound() {
    echo "The dog barks.";
  }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
  public function makeSound() {
    echo "The cat meows.";
  }
}

$dog = new Dog("Fido");
echo $dog->getName() . " says ";
$dog->makeSound();

$cat = new Cat("Whiskers");
echo $cat->getName() . " says ";
$cat->makeSound();

class Shape {
  protected $color;
  
  public function __construct($color) {
    $this->color = $color;
  }
  
  public function getInfo() {
    return "This is a shape.";
  }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  private $radius;
  
  public function __construct($color, $radius) {
    parent::__construct($color);
    $this->radius = $radius;
  }
  
  public function getInfo() {
    return parent::getInfo() . " It is a circle with radius " . $this->radius . ".";
  }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
  private $width;
  private $height;
  
  public function __construct($color, $width, $height) {
    parent::__construct($color);
    $this->width = $width;
    $this->height = $height;
  }
  
  public function getInfo() {
    return parent::getInfo() . " It is a rectangle with width " . $this->width . " and height " . $this->height . ".";
  }
}

$shape1 = new Circle("red", 5);
$shape2 = new Rectangle("blue", 10, 20);

$shapes = [$shape1, $shape2];

foreach ($shapes as $shape) {
  echo $shape->getInfo() . " ";
}

interface Logger {
  public function log($message);
}

abstract class AbstractLogger implements Logger {
  protected $name;
  
  public function __construct($name) {
    $this->name = $name;
  }
  
  public function log($message) {
    echo $this->name . ": " . $message;
  }
}

class FileLogger extends AbstractLogger {
  public function log($message) {
    parent::log($message);
    // 具体的实现逻辑
    file_put_contents("log.txt", $message, FILE_APPEND);
  }
}

class DatabaseLogger extends AbstractLogger {
  public function log($message) {
    parent::log($message);
    // 具体的实现逻辑
    $pdo = new PDO("Mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test", "root", "");
    $pdo->query("INSERT INTO logs (message) VALUES ('$message')");
  }
}

$logger1 = new FileLogger("FileLogger");
$logger1->log("Log message 1");

$logger2 = new DatabaseLogger("DatabaseLogger");
$logger2->log("Log message 2");