Automate the Boring

将《Automate the Boring Stuff with python》的语法部分学完了，开始依葫芦画瓢做第一个项目。

#! python3
# pw.py - An insecure passWord locker program.

PASSWORD = {'email': 'F7minlBDDuvMJuxESSKHFhTxFtjVB6',
            'blog': 'VmALvQyKAxiVH5G8v01if1MLZF3sdt',
            'luggage': '12345'}
            
import sys, pyperclip
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
    print('Usage: Python pw.py [account] - copy account password')
    sys.exit()
    
account = sys.argv[1]        # first command line arg is the account namer

if account in PASSWORD:
    pyperclip.copy (PASSWORD[account])
    print('Password for ' + account + ' coopied to clipboard.')
else:
    print('There is no account named ' + account)

以上是code，但是运行时提示No module named pyperclip，于是上网找资料说要安装模块，尝试：（我这才发现原来pip install也可用于windows，只要装了python即可）

C:\Users\simmy>pip install pyperclip
Collecting pyperclip
  Downloading pyperclip-1.5.27.zip
Installing collected packages: pyperclip
  Running setup.py install for pyperclip
Successfully installed pyperclip-1.5.27
You are using pip version 7.1.2, however version 8.1.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comm
and.

C:\Users\simmy>pip freeze
pyperclip==1.5.27
You are using pip version 7.1.2, however version 8.1.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comm
and.

完后依然提示错误，于是在Python IDLE上测试：

>>> import pyperclip
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
    import pyperclip

ImportError: No module named 'pyperclip'

同样报错，后来查询后，发现作者是自己写的模块，在这里提到：https://inventwithpython.com/hacking/chapter2.html： Downloading pyperclip.py
Almost every program in this book uses a custom module I wrote called pyperclip.py. This module provides functions for letting your program copy and paste text to the clipboard. This module does not come with Python, but you can download it from: Http://invpy.com/pyperclip.py

This file must be in the same folder as the Python program files that you type. (A folder is also called a directory.) Otherwise you will see this error message when you try to run your program:

ImportError: No module named pyperclip

从这下载：https://inventwithpython.com/pyperclip.py

然后放入:C:\Users\xxx\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python35

问题解决。

pyperclip.py code如下：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"""
Pyperclip

A cross-platfORM clipboard module for Python. (only handles plain text for now)
By Al Sweigart al@inventwithpython.com
BSD License

Usage:
  import pyperclip
  pyperclip.copy('The text to be copied to the clipboard.')
  spam = pyperclip.paste()

On Windows, no additional modules are needed.
On Mac, this module makes use of the pbcopy and pbpaste commands, which should come with the os.
On linux, this module makes use of the xclip or xsel commands, which should come with the os. Otherwise run "sudo apt-get install xclip" or "sudo apt-get install xsel"
  Otherwise on Linux, you will need the gtk or PyQt4 modules installed.

The gtk module is not available for Python 3, and this module does not work with PyGobject yet.
"""

__version__ = '1.5.6'

import platform, os
from subprocess import call, Popen, PIPE


def _pasteWindows():
    CF_UNICODETEXT = 13
    d = ctypes.windll
    d.user32.OpenClipboard(None)
    handle = d.user32.GetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT)
    data = ctypes.c_wchar_p(handle).value
    d.user32.CloseClipboard()
    return data


def _copyWindows(text):
    GMEM_DDESHARE = 0x2000
    CF_UNICODETEXT = 13
    d = ctypes.windll # cdll expects 4 more bytes in user32.OpenClipboard(None)
    try:  # Python 2
        if not isinstance(text, unicode):
            text = text.decode('mbcs')
    except NameError:
        if not isinstance(text, str):
            text = text.decode('mbcs')
    d.user32.OpenClipboard(None)
    d.user32.EmptyClipboard()
    hCd = d.kernel32.GlobalAlloc(GMEM_DDESHARE, len(text.encode('utf-16-le')) + 2)
    pchData = d.kernel32.GlobalLock(hCd)
    ctypes.cdll.msvcrt.wcscpy(ctypes.c_wchar_p(pchData), text)
    d.kernel32.GlobalUnlock(hCd)
    d.user32.SetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT, hCd)
    d.user32.CloseClipboard()


def _pasteCygwin():
    CF_UNICODETEXT = 13
    d = ctypes.cdll
    d.user32.OpenClipboard(None)
    handle = d.user32.GetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT)
    data = ctypes.c_wchar_p(handle).value
    d.user32.CloseClipboard()
    return data


def _copyCygwin(text):
    GMEM_DDESHARE = 0x2000
    CF_UNICODETEXT = 13
    d = ctypes.cdll
    try:  # Python 2
        if not isinstance(text, unicode):
            text = text.decode('mbcs')
    except NameError:
        if not isinstance(text, str):
            text = text.decode('mbcs')
    d.user32.OpenClipboard(None)
    d.user32.EmptyClipboard()
    hCd = d.kernel32.GlobalAlloc(GMEM_DDESHARE, len(text.encode('utf-16-le')) + 2)
    pchData = d.kernel32.GlobalLock(hCd)
    ctypes.cdll.msvcrt.wcscpy(ctypes.c_wchar_p(pchData), text)
    d.kernel32.GlobalUnlock(hCd)
    d.user32.SetClipboardData(CF_UNICODETEXT, hCd)
    d.user32.CloseClipboard()


def _copyOSX(text):
    text = str(text)
    p = Popen(['pbcopy', 'w'], stdin=PIPE)
    try:
        # works on Python 3 (bytes() requires an encoding)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text, 'utf-8'))
    except TypeError:
        # works on Python 2 (bytes() only takes one argument)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text))


def _pasteOSX():
    p = Popen(['pbpaste', 'r'], stdout=PIPE)
    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
    return bytes.decode(stdout)


def _pasteGtk():
    return gtk.Clipboard().wait_for_text()


def _copyGtk(text):
    global cb
    text = str(text)
    cb = gtk.Clipboard()
    cb.set_text(text)
    cb.store()


def _pasteQt():
    return str(cb.text())


def _copyQt(text):
    text = str(text)
    cb.setText(text)


def _copyXclip(text):
    p = Popen(['xclip', '-selection', 'c'], stdin=PIPE)
    try:
        # works on Python 3 (bytes() requires an encoding)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text, 'utf-8'))
    except TypeError:
        # works on Python 2 (bytes() only takes one argument)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text))


def _pasteXclip():
    p = Popen(['xclip', '-selection', 'c', '-o'], stdout=PIPE)
    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
    return bytes.decode(stdout)


def _copyXsel(text):
    p = Popen(['xsel', '-i'], stdin=PIPE)
    try:
        # works on Python 3 (bytes() requires an encoding)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text, 'utf-8'))
    except TypeError:
        # works on Python 2 (bytes() only takes one argument)
        p.communicate(input=bytes(text))


def _pasteXsel():
    p = Popen(['xsel', '-o'], stdout=PIPE)
    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
    return bytes.decode(stdout)



# Determine the OS/platform and set the copy() and paste() functions accordingly.
if 'cygwin' in platform.system().lower():
    _functions = 'Cygwin' # for debugging
    import ctypes
    paste = _pasteCygwin
    copy = _copyCygwin
elif os.name == 'nt' or platform.system() == 'Windows':
    _functions = 'Windows' # for debugging
    import ctypes
    paste = _pasteWindows
    copy = _copyWindows
elif os.name == 'mac' or platform.system() == 'Darwin':
    _functions = 'OS X pbcopy/pbpaste' # for debugging
    paste = _pasteOSX
    copy = _copyOSX
elif os.name == 'posix' or platform.system() == 'Linux':
    # Determine which command/module is installed, if any.
    xclipExists = call(['which', 'xclip'],
                stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) == 0

    xselExists = call(['which', 'xsel'],
            stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) == 0

    gtkInstalled = False
    try:
        # Check it gtk is installed.
        import gtk
        gtkInstalled = True
    except ImportError:
        pass

    if not gtkInstalled:
        # Check if PyQt4 is installed.
        PyQt4Installed = False
        try:
            import PyQt4.QtCore
            import PyQt4.QtGui
            PyQt4Installed = True
        except ImportError:
            pass

    # Set one of the copy & paste functions.
    if xclipExists:
        _functions = 'xclip command' # for debugging
        paste = _pasteXclip
        copy = _copyXclip
    elif gtkInstalled:
        _functions = 'gtk module' # for debugging
        paste = _pasteGtk
        copy = _copyGtk
    elif PyQt4Installed:
        _functions = 'PyQt4 module' # for debugging
        app = PyQt4.QtGui.QApplication([])
        cb = PyQt4.QtGui.QApplication.clipboard()
        paste = _pasteQt
        copy = _copyQt
    elif xselExists:
        # TODO: xsel doesn't seem to work on Raspberry Pi (my test Linux environment). Putting this as the last method tried.
        _functions = 'xsel command' # for debugging
        paste = _pasteXsel
        copy = _copyXsel
    else:
        raise Exception('Pyperclip requires the xclip or xsel application, or the gtk or PyQt4 module.')
else:
    raise RuntimeError('pyperclip does not support your system.')